Hyperion Records

The manners of a traditional Russian wedding have, over the centuries, been fused into stylised, celebratory spectacles in the form of folk song and dance. Each element of the ritual is equally important — the courtship, the bride's celebration, the party on the eve of the wedding, the purchase of the bride, the marriage, the wedding procession, the donning of the bride's headgear, the plaiting and unplaiting of her hair, and finally the wedding feast. The traditions and intricate codes of social behaviour at weddings are clearly preserved in these traditional songs from the Voronezh district as well as being sublimated in the folk-like fragments which make up Stravinsky's Svadebka.

These bridal songs were collected by Galina Tkachova in villages near Voronezh and have not been arranged, but rather transcribed without being re-worked or especially edited. They are not directly related to the melodic and rhythmic building blocks of Svadebka, but are brilliant examples of the type of folk material which Stravinsky instinctively drew upon. We can certainly see clear parallels in Svadebka in the bridal songs' motivic repetition, imagery and the appearance of creatures to symbolise states of being, human qualities and emotions. What we miss in a sound recording, however, is the visual element of movement and dance without which these songs are only partly expressive. A live performance of these songs necessarily involves the theatrical; the performers use spontaneous as well as symbolic gestures which are an essential part of the ritual.

'Now, little grey duck, swim out and guess who your drake will be…': This song is performed on 'Svodushka', the day when the girls of the village go walking as soon as the matchmaker has entered the future bride's house. The maiden does not yet know who her future husband is to be, but although fearful, she is encouraged by her friends to go home and pay her respects to her betrothed.

'Good day, my fair one': This is a greeting in song offered by the joyful groom to his new bride: he describes her as a flawless picture of beauty. The darkness of the bride's eyebrows are one of her most praised attributes; a direct 'echo' of this image occurs in the last scene of Svadebka in the men's shouted 'Nastya chernobrovaya'

'Oh, mother, my little head hurts. I shall never survive until evening; but in the evening, my dear one will hurry back to me.': This is the song of a bride-to-be who is unusually fortunate to be engaged to a man she loves. The song's bubbly, dancing character betrays the girl's impatience, which is improper for her to show, but impossible to conceal.

'Oh, come to me, my dearest friends. The blood-red dawn is here, and my hair is unplaited in preparation for marriage.': This lament depicts the emotional climax before the wedding ritual for the bride — the moment when the girl's braided hair is unwound and then bound at home before her marriage. Each of the women present at the ceremony (men are not admitted) offers her own emotional response to the short-lived freedom of girlhood. Her mother is dismayed to have to give her carefree daughter away to a stranger; her friends are sad to lose their companion, the older women reflect on their own youth. The bride cries most of all and, joining in the lament, she takes leave of her mother and relations, asking for consolation for what lies ahead.

'Indoors, outside, there is room for all of us girls. Across the green sward the dove, the blue-grey dove walks with his darling.': The final song represents the glorification of the young couple. Of all the beautiful symbols found in the poetry of Russian bridal songs, the favourites are the similes comparing the bride to a duck, a swan, a birch tree; emblems of beauty, wholesomeness and purity in Russian folklore, these images emerge similarly in Svadebka

from notes by Lorraine Gwynne © 1991